ras 2013-Constitutional dovelopment in india

Constitutional dovelopment in india

Major reforms act in india by british crown

Regulating act of india-1773

The Government of Bengal to be carried on by Governor General(G.G) and 4 members of the council. The G.G has the power to supervise and control the Bombay and Madras presidencies in matters of peace and war. This act established Supreme Court of Calcutta.

Pitts india act-1784

This act established a Board of control(6 members) to control the Government of India, reduction of member of G.Gs council to 3 and clear cut subordination of Bombay and Madras presidencies to G.G

Charter act of -1813

This Act provided restricted admission missionaries to India,
granted Rs 1,00,000 for education annually, required the companys servants to undergo training and thrown open Indian trade to all British subjects except tea trade.

Charter act of -1833

Companies monopoly of tea trade and trade with China abolished. Renamed the G.G. of fort William as the G.G of India(William Bentic), inclusion of law member( Macaulay) and Abolition of legislative decentralization was the main features.

Chrater act of -1853

Separate Lieutenant Governor for Bengal, direct recruitment of officials through a competitive examination and additional members in G.Gs council to act as legislative council.

Govt. of india act - 1858

Abolition of Companys rule, Board of Control and court of directors. Appointment of Secretary of state for India to rule with the aid of 15 members. Lord canning was the G.G and Viceroy and charles Wood was the first secretary of state.

Indian councils act of - 1861

Introduction of portfolio system by which each member was assigned a particular department, Establishment of legislative council in provinces and enlargement of legislative wing of Viceroys council.

Indian councils act - 1892

Introduction of indirect elections for the non official members of legislative council and the councils were allowed to discuss Budget* The additional members required for G.Gs council were 10 to 16, Bombay and Madras 8 to 20, Bengal not more than 20 and United province 15.

Morley minto reforms act 1909 or Indian councils act of 1909

Introduction of direct election, separate electorate for the Muslims (communal electorates) , removal of official majority in provincial legislature. The number of addition members were increased to 60 in G.G council , Bengal, Madras, Bombay and united Province to 50.

Govt. of india act 1919 or montague - chemsford act reforms act

Introduction of Dyarchy in provinces, under this system the provincial subjects were divided into Reserved subjects ( Police,Jails, land revenue, irrigation, forests etc) to be administered by Governor and his Executive council and Transferred subjects (education, local self government, public health, sanitation etc) to be administered by Governor and his ministers. The central control over the provinces were relaxed through Devolution Rules which categorized the subjects of administration into two groups Central and Provincial. The central legislature was made bicameral with council of states consisting of 60 members and legislative assembly consisting of 140 members. The salaries of the Secretary of state for India and his assistants paid out of the British revenues. A high commissioner of India in London was appointed.

Govt. of india act 1935 known as bharat sarkar adhiniyam 1935

Provision for the establishment of an All India Federation to be based on provinces of British India and princely states. This part did not come into operation as the princely states did not give their consent for the union* division of powers into 3 lists Federal, Provincial and concurrent, introduction of provincial autonomy, separate electorates to Sikhs, Europeans, Indian Christians and Anglo Indians. A federal court was established at Delhi with chief justice and not more than 6 judges.

Ras 2013-Constitution of India- A brief summary

Constitution of India- A brief summary

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA   

click here to read in pdf format

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Preamble of constitution of india

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, HAVING SOLEMNLY

RESOLVED TO CONSTITUTE INDIA INTO A [SOVEREIGN
SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC] and 

to secure all its citizens:

Justice,social,economic and political;

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and

WORSHIP;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;

and to promote among them all

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual

and the 2[unity and integrity of the Nation];

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twentysixth

day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT,

ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS

CONSTITUTION.

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1Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 2, for “SOVEREIGN

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC” (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).

2Subs. by s. 2, ibid., for “unity of the Nation” (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).

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1. Territory of the union

Territory of the union

Article 1 of our constitution says : India, that is Bharat ,shall be a union of states. The term union includes only states but term territory of India includes the entire territory over which the sovereignty of India , for the time being extends. There are 2 classes of territory of India viz.

(i) union territory, which are centrally administered areas. 

(ii) such other territories as may be acquired by India, administered by government of India subject to legislation by parliament. 

Art 2 says that India is a union of states and no agreement was signed between the central government and the states for the creation of federation. So it is possible to redraw the map of India by a simple procedure. 

Art 3 says that the parliament may by law form a new state by separation of territory from any state or by uniting two or more states or parts of states or by uniting any territory to any part of any state: increase or diminish the area of any state; alter the name and boundaries of any state. 

The bill for this purpose shall not be introduced without the recommendation of the president, and the bill may be referred to the state legislature for expressing their views with in a specified period.

Article 4 provides that any such law may amend the First and Forth schedules of the constitution without going through the special formalities required by Art 368. 

"Before independence, about 600 princely states acceded to India due to the efforts of India’s first Home Minister Sardar Vallabhai Patel except Hydrabad where forces were applied and in Junagarh referendum was held. Efforts were made to make states homogeneous in Cultural and linguistics. S.K. Das commission and another commission under Nehru, Patel and Pattabhi Sitaramaya was appointed but their recommendations were rejected. Andra Pradesh was the first state created on linquistic basis in 1953 after the death of Sriramulu. A recommendation of third commission under Fazal Ali (chairman), K.M. Panicker and Pt. H.N. Kunzru recommended language as the basis for creation of states."

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